In riferimento al precedente post .
L'evoluzione dell'apparato respiratorio ha portato a sviluppare, oltre ai tre sistemi a maggior diffusione considerati dai miei compagni, diverse forme intermedie o 
adattamenti particolari. I pesci polmonati possessed, in addition to gills, simple accessory respiratory structures comparable to a primitive form of lungs. These structures were probabilmrente an adaptation to life in freshwater, unlike sea water could become stagnant and oxygen depletion. Even today there are some species of lungfishes.
adattamenti particolari. I pesci polmonati possessed, in addition to gills, simple accessory respiratory structures comparable to a primitive form of lungs. These structures were probabilmrente an adaptation to life in freshwater, unlike sea water could become stagnant and oxygen depletion. Even today there are some species of lungfishes. Although the lungs are especially an "invention" of vertebrates, are also found in some invertebrates. Terricolous snails, for example, have developed independently of the lungs similar to those of some amphibians.
Amphibians and reptiles also use cutaneous respiration
birds have developed special adaptations. Each lung air sacs are attached to several: with every breath the bags inflate and deflate like balloons in line with the movements of the body wall that makes them collapse and expand. You have no air exchange at the level of that function like bellows pockets that fill the lungs with each breath of fresh air. As a result, the lungs of birds is always a residual volume of air, as case for mammals.
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